When the temperature gets down to 0 degrees F the water can freeze within a few minutes to near instantly.
If the weather temperature is 0 F degrees outside and the wind is blowing the wind chill factor can cause the water temperature to cool down faster and cause the water to freeze within seconds.
Water actually does freeze or at least begins to freeze when the temperature is 32 F degrees so the water will start freezing well before it gets to 0 F degrees.
But if you set some water outside and the temperature outside is 0 F degrees then within 2 to 10 minutes the water will likely be frozen.
If you set hot water outside in a pan or something at 0 F degrees outside then the water freezes much faster than the cold water does.