Yes you can put a 3 way light bulb in a one way socket.
A 3 way light bulb will work just fine in a one way socket but it won't work as a 3 way light bulb.
You will have at least the 100 watt portion working on the 3 way light bulb but the other parts of the light bulb for the lower wattage settings will not work.
A 3 way light bulb is basically a standard light bulb but with 3 different light bulb filaments that are either brighter or less bright than the others.
To use the 3 way option of the 3 way light bulb you need a 3 way light socket.
But if you bought a 3 way light bulb accidentally or all you have is a 3 way light bulb and need to use it in a regular one way light bulb socket you can do that.
I have done it before and it worked just fine.