Yes golden retrievers can stay outside as long as the weather is warm and not very cold.
A golden retriever can stay outside for an hour or two at most when it's cold outside but you should still bring the golden retriever inside the house where it's warm.
If it's too cold for humans to stay outside then it's too cold for dogs to stay outside.
Golden Retrievers can stay outside for a bit longer than other smaller dogs when it's cold but when it's really cold the dog should be brought inside.
Dogs require a lot of love and attention and if you're not willing to bring a dog inside the house when it's too hot or too cold then do not get one.
Dogs including the golden retriever can die outside when it's too hot or too cold.
But as long as the weather is nice the dog can stay outside for awhile at least.