If you stare at a light bulb for only a few minutes or so you might just get temporary blindness and just see some other colors in your eyes for awhile until your eyes adjust back after staring into the light bulb.
Staring at a light bulb is not really a good idea though and should be avoided but it's not as bad to stare at a light bulb than it is to stare at the sun.
Staring at the sun long enough without any eye protection would cause you to go blind but the sun is so intense that you would likely just immediately look away after you try to look at the sun.
I never could get my eyes to actually stare at the sun because it's so intense that I look away immediately.
I used to look at a light bulb as a kid and my eyes were basically blurry and I was seeing yellow for a few hours until my eyes adjusted again.