Yes you can store gasoline in your shed in an approved gasoline can.
Make sure the gasoline can remains sealed and have the shed vented if possible.
Also make sure there are no flame sources or ignition sources in the shed that you store gasoline in otherwise the gasoline could catch fire or the fumes from the gas could explode.
So your shed really should have a vent to allow the gasoline fumes to escape and make sure there's nothing inside the shed that could spark or set off the gasoline.
I've stored gasoline in gas cans for years in my shed and nothing bad has happened.
I've also stored gasoline in my detached garage as well and nothing bad has happened there either.
As long as the gasoline has no ignition source it's fine.