Being out in the cold weather for any amount of time does not cause any viruses so you won't get sick from being out in the cold weather for too long.
What I mean by that is you won't get the cold virus, flu virus etc from being outside in the cold weather too long.
However if you're out in the cold too long then you might get sick in other ways such as get hypothermia which can then lead to other sickness.
Or you could also get frostbite on your fingers, toes and other exposed skin or even skin that is covered up if it's really cold outside.
But there's no way to get the cold or flu virus directly from the cold weather since the cold and flu is caused by viruses that have to get into your body to get you sick.
But it's still a good idea to come inside the house or a warm building during cold weather to warm up and prevent getting hypothermia.