If you have no money in your bank account then the ATM transaction from your debit card will be declined and usually say insufficient funds.
To be able to withdraw cash from an ATM or to use your debit card you need to have money in your bank account to cover the cost of the withdraw or payment from your debit card.
Even if the ATM allowed you to withdraw cash from your bank account with insufficient funds you'd overdraft on your bank account and pay huge overdraft fees.