No.
Federal Taxes cannot be taken by a private debt collector for debts owed that don't pertain to the IRS.
Only the IRS can keep your Federal Tax return for debts owed.
So if you owe a debt collector and they take you to court then they cannot take a Federal Tax Return for the debt owed.
However be aware that in some states the debt collector may be able to garnish your wages should they win a judgement against you.
They can only sue you and win a judgement against you that forces you to pay out of your own pocket for the money owed or garnish wages if state law allows.