Question

What is a polyoma?

Answer 1

A polyoma is a type of small, nonenveloped DNA virus whose natural hosts are primarily birds and mammals.

Most of the human polyoma diseases are caused by BK and JC viruses which are usually acquired in childhood.

Approximately 50–80% of humans have a seropositivity to these viruses.

Polyoma is a DNA non enveloped DNA virus with wide host ranges.

The diseases that polyoma causes are hemorrhagic cystitis in recipients of bone marrow transplantation and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised people, for example, by HIV infection.

The polyoma virus effect cytology is classified as being negative for high grade urothelial carcinoma in the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology.

Polyoma virus in urine is usually treated through use of human immune globulins.

The transplanted organ that is mostly and most frequently affected by the BK polyomavirus is the kidney.

BK polyomaviruses cause a progressive kidney transplant injury in 1 to 10 percent of renal kidney transplant patients.

Actual kidney damage can be detected by way of a kidney biopsy and kidney injury usually develops late in the course of the BK polyomavirus.

So screening and early treatment is vital and beneficial for long term kidney transplant survival.

The BK polyomavirus or BK virus, also known as Human polyomavirus 1, is a member of the polyomavirus family.

Past infection with the BK polyoma virus is widespread, although significant consequences of infection are uncommon, with the exception of the immunocompromised and the immunosuppressed.

The symptoms of the BK polyomavirus include.

Changes in the color of your urine (urine that is brown or red in color)
Pain when you urinate.
Difficulty in urinating.
Needing to urinate more than is normal for you.
A cough, cold, or trouble breathing.
Fever, muscle pain, or weakness.
Seizures.

BK viral nephritis can threaten the survival of your new kidney.

An estimated 1% to 10% of transplant recipients develop this condition.

BK virus reactivation causes graft loss in an estimated 30% to 80% of cases.

The primary routes for transmission of the BK polyoma virus are from mucosal contact including the oral, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract. After a primary viremia, the BK virus establishes refuge in the kidney and uroepithelial cells resulting in lifelong latent/persistent infection.

Answer 2

Polyoma viruses are a group of small DNA viruses that infect a wide range of animals, including humans. They belong to the Polyomaviridae family and are known for their ability to cause various diseases in their hosts. Here's a brief overview of polyoma viruses and their significance:

1. Structure and Characteristics: Polyoma viruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a circular double-stranded DNA genome. They typically measure about 40-50 nanometers in diameter. The name "polyoma" is derived from the Greek words "poly," meaning many, and "oma," meaning tumors, reflecting their association with tumor formation in experimental animals.

2. Types of Polyoma Viruses: There are several types of polyoma viruses known to infect different species. In humans, the most well-known polyomaviruses include JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV). These viruses are widespread, with many people carrying them asymptomatically. However, under certain conditions, they can cause diseases such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN).

3. Transmission: Polyoma viruses are typically spread through respiratory secretions, urine, and other bodily fluids. In most cases, transmission occurs through close personal contact, such as coughing, sneezing, or sharing contaminated objects. However, the exact mechanisms of transmission may vary depending on the specific polyomavirus and its host.

4. Clinical Significance: While many polyoma virus infections are asymptomatic or cause mild illness, some can lead to serious complications, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. For example, JCV can cause PML, a rare but often fatal brain infection that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.

In conclusion, polyoma viruses are a group of small DNA viruses with the potential to cause various diseases in humans and other animals. Understanding their structure, transmission, and clinical significance is crucial for effective prevention, diagnosis, and management of polyomavirus-related infections.

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