Why is hydrolysis release so much energy?

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asked Nov 17, 2023 in Science by Kevetia (2,120 points)
Why is hydrolysis release so much energy?

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answered Sep 26 by wilsinshelled (5,640 points)
Hydrolysis releases so much energy because the high negative charge density that is associated with the 3 adjacent phosphate units of ATP also destabilizes the molecule which makes it higher in energy.

The hydrolysis also relieves some of the electrostatic repulsions and liberates useful energy in the process by causing conformational changes in enzyme structure.

Hydrolysis is a type of chemical reaction which involves water as a reactant.

The byproduct of hydrolysis is alcohol and carboxylic acid.

Basic hydrolysis or saponification of an ester gives a carboxylate salt and an alcohol.

The difference between oxidation and hydrolysis is oxidation is the break down of the substances by oxygen and water such as causing rust or corrosion on surfaces such as metal.

Hydrolysis is the break down of substances by water.

Hydrolysis and oxidation are also similar in that both oxidation and hydrolysis involve chemical reactions between a mineral and another material.

Hydrolysis is the chemical reaction between a mineral and water.

Oxidation is the chemical reaction between a mineral and oxygen.

Hydrolysis is catabolic as usually but not always anabolic reactions require inputs of energy while energy is released during catabolic reactions.

The opposite of hydrolysis is dehydration synthesis that form water when synthesizing a polymer from monomers.

Hydrolysis is exothermic although the act of breaking the bonds of molecules is always endothermic as energy is required to break bonds.

But the making of new bonds in hydrolysis is always exothermic.

Hydrolysis is exergonic and means that the hydrolysis of the ATP causes a large amount of energy to be released.

And the energy that is released can then be harnessed to power other processes which require energy input like endergonic processes.

The enzyme that is responsible for the splitting of ATP is phosphofructokinase, uses ATP to add a phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1,6-diphosphate.

The 6 carbon compound is then also split by the enzyme called aldolase into 2 three carbon moieties, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

The reason ATP releases energy when broken because the cell needs to spend energy to accomplish the task so the ATP molecule splits off one of it's 3 phosphates and becomes ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate.

The energy that holds that phosphate molecule is now released and then available to do work for the cell.

The products that are formed during hydrolysis of ATP are ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), Pi (inorganic phosphate) and energy.

ADP can undergo further hydrolysis in some cases to produce AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) and Pi.

The energy that is released by hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 cal/mol.

And ATP must continuously undergo the replenishment to fuel the ever working cell.

There is nothing special about the chemical bonds themselves; they are called high-energy bonds only because a large amount of free energy is released when they are hydrolyzed within the cell. In the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP plus phosphate (Pi), ΔG°′= -7.3 kcal/mol.

The enzymes that are involved in hydrolysis are pancreatin, papain, pepsin, trypsin and alcalase.

An example of hydrolysis is the dissolving of a salt of a weak acid or base in water or even dissolving sulphuric acid in water where the hydronium and bisulfate compounds are formed.

Hydrolysis is a type of decomposition reaction because the water is one of the reactants in the reaction and water is also known to break the chemical bond in the other reactants.

Hydrolysis is caused by a water reaction by adding a molecule of water the molecule is broken into two pieces.

Hydrolysis is a reaction that means that act of setting apart chemicals by adding water and the reaction of water with another chemical compound results in the formation of 2 or more products.

Hydrolysis is important as it is used to break down polymers into monomers and allows for easy absorption of nutrients by cells.

In humans the food is hydrolyzed or broken down, into smaller molecules by catalytic enzymes in the digestive tract which allows for easy absorption of nutrients by cells in the intestine.

And each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme.

The difference between dehydration and hydrolysis dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.

Hydrolysis involves adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.

During the hydrolysis a molecule of water is added to a substance and the addition of the molecule of water to the substance causes both the substance and the water molecule to split into 2 parts.

During such reactions, one fragment of the target molecule or parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two fragments by the addition of a molecule of water.

Hydrolysis reactions are any type of chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.

The term hydrolysis is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.

Hydrolysis, in chemistry and physiology, a double decomposition reaction with water as one of the reactants.

In simple terms the process of hydrolysis of a substrate can be defined as its reaction with water.

It is basically a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two fragments by the addition of a molecule of water.

Examples of hydrolysis include dissolving a salt of a weak acid or base in water or dissolving sulphuric acid in water where hydronium and bisulfate compounds are formed.

Hydrolysis also helps in breaking down proteins, fats, and complex carbohydrates in food.

During the hydrolysis reaction, a larger molecule forms two (or more) smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant.

Hydrolysis ("hydro" = water and "lysis" = break) involves adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.

Hydrolysis reactions use water to breakdown polymers into monomers and is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, which forms water when synthesizing a polymer from monomers.

Hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.

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