Phagocytosis does use vacuoles as phagocytosis is a process in which cells engulf large particle and uses vacuoles and more specifically phagosomes, to internalize the particles that are engulfed.
Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis, which is a process where cells take in substances from their surroundings by forming vacuoles.
The phagocytic vacuole is formed when a phagocyte which is a cell that engulfs foreign particles, extends pseudopods "cytoplasmic extensions" around the particles, which then fuse to create a vesicle that contains the engulfed material.
Phagocytes, like white blood cells also have receptors on their surface which recognize and bind to foreign particles like bacteria or even cellular debris.
Larger objects like clumps of bacteria or tissue cells, are phagocytosed over the course of a more prolonged response.
And the cell flows around the objected until it has been engulfed completely.
And then the engulfed object is thus enclosed within a membrane bound vacuole that is called a phagosome.
A phagocyte is a type of cell which has the ability to ingest and even sometimes also digest, foreign particles like dye, dust, carbon and bacteria.
The phagocyte cell engulfs foreign bodies by extending it's cytoplasm into cytoplasmic extensions like feet called pseudopods and surrounds the foreign particles or particle and forms a vacuole.
Phagocytes in the human body, like neutrophils and macrophages, originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
And these stem cells differentiate into various blood cells, which phagocytes, which then also circulate in the bloodstream and migrate to tissues to perform their immune functions
In the body phagocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, which mature into macrophages and other types are derived from a common lineage of cells in the bone marrow that are called hematopoietic stem cells.