No you cannot and will not be arrested for failing to make payments on student loans.
There's no debtors prisons in the United States anymore and there hasn't been for over 2 centuries.
The most that will happen if you fail to make payments and default on your student loans is the student loan or loans will be sent to collections and the debt collector will harass you to try and get you to pay the student loan debt and then might take you to court and sue you.
But you can rest easy and know that you will not be arrested or go to jail or prison for not paying your student loans.